What Is Hemodynamics Definition and Explanation

Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow. It focuses on how the heart distributes or pumps blood throughout the body. The study of hemodynamics integrates a  number of sciences, including biology, chemistry, and physics. As the heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, it helps to supply oxygen to the organs and tissues of the body.  This process is vitally important so that the body can maintain itself. Problems with the hemodynamic system can cause serious health issues, the most common of which is hypertension. Key Terms Hemodynamics: the study of blood flowHeart rate (or pulse): the number of times a heart beats in a minuteStroke volume: the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle each time it contractsCardiac output: a measure of how efficiently the heart moves blood through the bodySystemic vascular resistance: the resistance the heart must overcome to successfully pump blood through the bodyBlood pressure: the force  exerted against blood vessel walls by the blood as it flows through them The Hemodynamic System The hemodynamic systems key elements include heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Heart rate, or pulse, is the number of times a heart beats in a minute. The stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle when it contracts. Based on pulse and stroke volume, we can calculate the cardiac output, which is a measure of how much blood the heart (specifically, the left or right ventricle) can pump per time unit. It is calculated using the following formula: Cardiac Output Heart Rate x Stroke Volume The average stroke volume for humans is 75 ml per heartbeat. With that stroke volume, a heart beating 70 times per minute will have a cardiac output roughly equivalent to the total volume of blood in the body. Cardiac output is thus a measure of how efficiently the heart can move blood throughout the body. In our normal daily activities, the output needs to be such that the body can distribute blood based upon the demands placed on it. Exercising is a common example of the need for increased cardiac output. Cardiac output is related to Ohms law. Ohms law states that the current passing through some conductor is proportional to the voltage over the resistance. Similar to a circuit, the blood flow pathway through the body is related to resistance to the flow exerted by the blood vessels. The systemic vascular resistance is the resistance the heart must overcome to successfully pump blood through the body. Cardiac output multiplied by systemic vascular resistance is equal to blood pressure. When cardiac output is impaired (e.g. due to heart failure), the body will have a difficult time managing its daily needs. A decrease in cardiac output results in a decrease in the oxygen available to the tissues and organs of the body. How to Increase Blood Flow Regular exercise is one of the most common and effective means of increasing blood flow. It is also important to stretch the body after sitting for prolonged periods of time. Simply getting up and walking for a few minutes after a long period of sitting will help increase the flow of blood through the body. Hemodynamic Monitoring The study of hemodynamics is vitally important since the body needs oxygen to function. In medicine, hemodynamic monitoring is used to assess this relationship between the cardiovascular system and the oxygen needs of the bodys tissues. Such assessments are designed to allow medical professionals to make proper decisions for their patients. Similarly, when these assessments indicate that a patient is having trouble meeting their own oxygen needs, they are classified as hemodynamically unstable. These patients are provided with mechanical or pharmacological support so that they can maintain the needed blood pressure and cardiac output.

The Salem Witch Trials as a Form of Control of the...

The Salem Witchcraft Trials as a Form of Control of the Puritan Society The Salem witchcraft trials resulted from a climate of repression, religious intolerance, and social hierarchy combined with fanaticism and the oppression of women. The Puritan leaders used the trials as a way to control the community and to prevent change in the strict social hierarchy. The trials ensured that the teachings of the church would be followed - anyone not following the church was simply accused of being a witch and punished accordingly. Witchcraft was considered a crime, and punishment was severe. The first recorded incidents of Witchcraft originated in the mind of a young girls who would supposedly use crystal balls to try and predict their future.†¦show more content†¦The tension over land was growing fast. In 1632, the general court granted governor Endicott three hundred acres of land. With subsequent land grants to others, the boundaries and borders which told the people who owned what land was in dispute. Another land problem was caused by overcrowding in the New England communities. Salem was a seaport community that had been settled early and most of the land within its borders belonged to the first generation settlers. In the 1650?s, boundary disputes between Salem residents and those of surrounding towns increased. As a result of a shortage of land, most second and third generation Salem children lived as adults on subdivided land or moved on. The sons and daughters who stayed in Salem to farm found themselves with a lower income than their parents. The resulting tensions were Heightened by the concentration of land ownership in the hands of a relative few. The outcome was a climate of extreme animosity that lead to strife, and it was this tension that lead the puritans to use the trials to acquire land from their neighbours. The trials were a means to maintain the strict social hierarchy. A major source of social tension and conflict was caused by the farmers. The farmers outside town petitioned for their own minister and for their own house of worship. They had two reasons for their requests. One, they were far from town, and two they wereShow MoreRelated Salem Lifestyle Triggers Death Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Lifestyle Triggers Death The Salem Witchcraft Trials were part of an important time in colonial history. Taking place in 1692, the trials were triggered by a group of girls gathering to read palms. What started as a session of innocent palm readings, though, turned into a series of courtroom meetings. The trials resulted in chaos and disruption throughout the town of Salem. Various causes for the trials existed, but among these reasons were the religious state of the community, theRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : A Part Of History1018 Words   |  5 PagesHistory 112 Dr. Patricia Hoskins May 20, 2016 Salem Witch Trials Like Slavery the Salem Witch Trials are a part of history that all would like to erase. In Salem Massachusetts the colonist were mostly made up of Puritans. Puritans were lead on the firm foundation that the Bible was, is and still the only word. This lead to the belief that this was the only way to convict, judge and execute those of a satanic faith, such as witch craft. The Salem Witch Trials were mostly conducted between the monthsRead MoreEssay on Primary Sources for the Salem Witch Trials1731 Words   |  7 Pagescases of witch-hunting/trails and ultimate executions. The last recorded execution in England of an alleged witch is in 1682, though trials and accusations would still be brought alleged witches right up until the 1800’s both in England and on the continent in most cases /crown rule where witch-hunting/trials and executions took place, probably the most famous and certainly one of the most written about witching episodes is that of Witch Trials of Salem, Massa chusetts. The Salem Trials took placeRead MoreHiding Salem : The Other Witch Hunt Of 1692 By Richard Godbeer1145 Words   |  5 PagesBook Analysis: Escaping Salem: The Other Witch Hunt of 1692 by Richard Godbeer In Escaping Salem: The Other Witch Hunt of 1692 by Richard Godbeer examined the witchcraft hysteria which happened in Stamford, Connecticut as the hysteria escaped from Salem, Massachusetts and how the panic of witchcraft caused by Katherine Branch in June of 1692, intensified beliefs and readjustments in the legal system in the Puritans society in Stamford, Connecticut. Consequently, Katherine Branch’s accusations inRead MoreThe Social Psychology of the Salem Witch Trials1647 Words   |  7 PagesWhitsett Robison History 1301 November 17, 2010 The Social Psychology of the Salem Witch Trials The events that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 have had historians scrutinizing over the causes for years. There have been several theories about how the situation became so out of control. The haunting story is well known in America, taught to our youth and has been the focus of numerous forms of media. We are familiar with the story but unfamiliar with the origin of its beginningsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials For The Puritan Community1398 Words   |  6 PagesBeene October 23, 2014 The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials were a devastating time period in 1692 for the Puritan community which resulted in 20 innocent people executed. Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts 9 years before the Puritans landed in Massachusetts Bay. Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England and ultimately strive to build a utopian society. John Winthrope who was the first governor of the Massachusetts bay colony described this society as a city upon a hill. ThisRead MoreThe Plague Of Witch Trials Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesseen as a potential threat to both themselves and the rest of the community. The outbreaks of witch accusations that occurred throughout New England during this time reflected how unsettled the settlers really felt about their lives. This is reflected in both the Salem, Massachusetts witch trials and the Stamford, Connecticut witch trials even if these trials had different results. The trouble in Salem began in January, 1692 when Tituba, a slave from the West Indies was talking to Elizabeth ParrisRead MoreThe Role of Young Women in the Salem Witch Trials Essay examples1329 Words   |  6 Pages The Salem Witch Trials was much more than just America’s history, it’s also part of the history of women. The story of witchcraft is first and foremost the story of women. Especially in its western life, Karlsen (1989) noted that â€Å"witchcraft challenges us with ideas about women, with fears about women, with the place of women in society and with women themselves†. Witchcraft also confronts us too with violence against women. Even through some men were executed as witches during the witch huntsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pageswomen and men. The madness continued for over four months. The notorious witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts occurred from June through September. It is a brief, but turbulent period in history and the causes of the trials have long been a source of discussion among historians. Many try to explain or rationalize the bizarre happenings of the witch hunts and the causes that contributed to them. To understand the trials and how they came to be, we must first examine the ideals and views of the peopleRead MoreSalem Witch Trials of 1692 Essay2160 Words   |  9 PagesThe Salem witch trials of the 17th century, was an event that took place in the Puritan town of Salem, Massachusetts which spread mass hysteria that centralized around the idea of witchcraft and reflected religious persecution. This tale of events provoked the fears of Puritans whom at the time hated and believed witchcraft to be evil, the practice of committing ill acts on the innocent, the aid of demonic spirits and conveying with Satan. Therefore, the idea of Devil worshipping and witchcraft became

Political History of Korea and East Asia Countries

Question: Discuss about thePolitical History of Korea and East Asia Countries. Answer: Old Choson and the Three Kingdoms History of China and Korea is known extensively from various myths and legends. The historical facts found there link the past with the present. These people come to know about their ancestors. They come to know their history of inheritance. Dent (2016) outlined Kija and Tan-gun are such two mythological figures of Korea. During 2333 BCE, Tan-guns existence was described and during 1000 BCE, Kija made his presence. The oldest dynasty of China was Shang dynasty, and Zhou dynasty. Ancient kingdoms of korea were Gojoseon and Buyeo. Tan-gun was among the early founders of this kingdom. Puyo or Buyeo was found in second century BC, i.e. 494 AD. However, Puyo felt the political pressure from the west and the south. China also became a warrior state and the first empire that emerged was The Qin Dynasty. As found by Dillon (2013), the Han Empire expanded itself in China. Koguryo and the three Han were the influential four commanderies in China. The three kingdoms that indulged into war were the Southern Dynasties, the Northern Wei and the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms. Koguryo expelled Lelang and moved to south to Pyongyang. There was a constant conflict between north and south. Paekche pushed itself to north and made an active contact with Japan and China. They established a sophisticated culture. Silla build their capital at Kyongju and occupied South Korea. The Kabo Reforms, Russo-Japanese War, Colonial period Kabo Reforms occurred from July 1894 to February 1896. Birth of nationalism, Egalitarianism, and Modern capitalism the reformation took place. Korea became a sovereign country by reconstruction of the government. The distinction between the military and civil officials demolished. Some social stigma and practice of slavery were also abolished. The conservatives became unhappy and Korea turned towards Russia. The Japanese plotted the assassination of Quin Min in 1895. Outrage of people occurred. Kojong escaped to Russian deputation. Then all pro-Japanese members are either murdered or banished. The Taehan Empire rose to power in 1897. Manchuria was captured by the Russian. The States of US Hawaii and Philippines extended their relation with Japan due to formation of Anglo-Japanese alliance. Again, Russia entered into Korea. In 1904, Russo-Japan war occurred as Russia forced agreements on Japan. Japan won and in 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth was signed. In South Sakhalin and Liaotung Penin sula, Japanese control established. Ito Hirobumi forced Korea to sign agreement on 1905. Between the colonial period, 87,000 bureaucrats and 60,000 police came into existence. Japan adopted landlord-tenant system and class differences increased. They incorporated into the international market. In 1914, Japan captured territories in the pacific and declared war on Germany. In 1919, peaceful independence occurred with people coordinating many events. China, Manchuria and Russia resisted Japan. In Shanghai Korean interim government formed. In 1911, revolution occurred with overthrowing of the last emperor. In 1919, the May Fourth Movement occurred through protesting against Treaty of Versailles. In 1927, Chiang Kaishek formed new government as a result of civil war. Global Great Depression happened. Germanys economy suffered a lot due to unemployment and inflation. The 19th century: Western Imperialism in East Asia, The Opening of Korea In 19th century, unequal treaties were made and shift from direct to indirect colonization occurred. In the new world system, traditional relations became invalid and new hierarchy of power established. In the hands of Western imperialism, Japan became inferior and subjugated. Meiji restoration abolished traditional rules and expanded western culture there. During Taewonguns rule, finances and kinship developed. His Isolationism repulsed foreign intruders. In 1866, armed merchant ship captured Koreans into the ship. German businessman Ernst Oppert endeavored to steal royal treasures. US entered Korea and declared China had no control on Korea. Korea denied Americas request and in 1871, Korea and America exchanged fire. They switched to conciliatory approach and America left for China. Taewongun spread Anti-Catholicism and many converts into it. Foreigners were seen as threats to Korea. Korea tried to regain its control through development of military strengths and financial resources . Korea and Japan clashed in 1875. Next year Japanese naval vessels demanded apology to Korean officials. However, unequal treaty was imposed upon Korea. In 1894, Korea faced Tonghak uprising through several thousands of peasants. China sent troops to Japan and Japan also sent troops. Sino-Japanese war occurred. Korea became independent with the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Russia, France, and Germany intervened. Pro-Japanese officials were appointed and Kabo reforms occurred. The Koryo-Choson Transition, the Political System of the Choson Dynasty In 1388, koryo established military forces. Ming drove out Yuan and in northeastern region they established Chollyong Commandery in the northeast region. Ebrey and Walthall (2013) outlined, Koryo dynasty ended and new Choson dynasty established with Yi Songgye. Succession problem occurred as he had eight sons. However, his youngest son was appointed as crown prince and became Taejong, 3rd king. During his regime from 1400 to 1418, major institutional reform took place. The military and civil officials established control. Fiscal reform occurred with new land survey, increase of public lands and redirecting money to the government. Military reform occurred with recreation of standing army and abolition of private armies. Political institutional reform occurred with development of Security Council, six ministries, and elimination of concurrent appointments. Power of throne was strengthened with dispersal of bureaucratic power. Ethical and moral principles of Confucius were adopted as p olitical ideologies. King is seen as a moral example. Stability, peace and harmony within society are focused. As a result, control among some Yangban lineages extended control. Qing Dynasty and Tokugawa dynasty exercised control respectively. Neo-Confucian ideology doctrine was practiced in 16th century. Yongjo established policy of impartiality. Chongjo continued this policy and enhanced royal authority. However, Factionalism remained even after Yongjos sons controversial death. Injae et al (2014) outlined, after 1800, new in-law government began. Then came Sunjo, Honjong, Choljong, Kojong respectively. After that social discontent became occurred due to corruption, extortion, and high tax rates. Then came Ming Dynasty and established foreign relation with Japan, and extended contact with western countries. Tribute system was established with ritually accepting Chinese suzerainty. Then Hideyoshi invasions occurred with Yi Sun-Shin. After the war Korea suffered with disease and dea th. Manchu took over there and in China peace and stability occurred. Trade was improved. The Koryo Dynasty Wang Kong was made king in 918. He renamed the state to Koryo and moved the capital to Kaesong. He extended foreign relations by developing friendship with Silla but not with Later Paekche. According to Hsiao (2015), there were hostilities among Koryo and Later Paekche. Koryo tied with West and Northern China and Later Paekche with west and southern China. Victory of Koryo in 930 intensified the pressure. Later Paekche declined with internal disorder and military losses. Koryo unified as Silla and Later Paekche surrendered. Marital ties between Koryo and Silla was a strategic movement of Koryo. During mid 10th and 12th centuries bureaucracy centralized with Warlord coalition, military council, and emergence of new aristocracy. In countryside, Koryo tried to establish direct control. King Kwangjong established Slave Review Act, and Civil service Examination system. King Songjong abolished private army system, and appointed officials of the Capitals to supervise local government. In 99 3, Khitan invaded Koryo. The Jurchen engaged in conflict with Koryo and Jurchen became the Jin Dynasty. They overtook Khitan and captured Song capital. During the Song Dynasty, conflicts occurred due to Liao and Jin. Koryo refrained from it. Mid-Koryo rebellion occurred and military officials were degraded. Choe Chung-hon won and established Residence Reinforcement. Later Mongol attacked Koryo for 30 years. Most parts of Peninsula devastated by 1257. The next year Koryo fell and Yuan Dynasty was established. They did expedition against Japan and forced Koryo to participate. Again, Koryos rotyal family developed kinship with imperial family of Mongol. With Mongol backing, Koryo kings ruled. The Mongol control changed the Bureaucracy system. However, civil aristocracy emerged with King Kongmin. Sin Ton did reform programs following Buddhist religious ideals. Koryo felt the external pressure of Ming and Japanese pirates. Early Foreign Relations, Later Silla and Parhae During the three kingdom period, China was recognized as a developed country without any recognition of suzerainty. There emerged the Tributary system in which China was at the center and Emperor was the ruler. As discussed by Embree and Gluck (2015), in 612, Sui attacked Koguryo fearing that the latter would develop alliance with the Turks. However, Koguryos conflict with Sui and tang continued and Japan tied with Paekche. Japan tied with Paekche and Koguryo and Peakche allied against Silla. The Tang Dynasty also tied with Silla. As Palais (2015) discussed, in 655, Koguryo and Paekche entered Silla, Tang sent minor expeditions against Korea and it failed, Tang and Silla forces entered Peakche. Helgesen (2014) discussed, in 668, Koguryo fell after the joint attack of Sill and Tang. After that the Tang struggled and the king of Silla increased its powers. The aristocratric power thus fell. Bureaucracy increased as Board of Ministry of War, Board of Chancellory office, Board of justice and Board of Ministry of Surveillance developed. The local administration also developed. International trade faced threats of piracy during 787-846. References Dent, C.M., 2016. East Asian Regionalism. Routledge. Dillon, M., 2013. Dictionary of Chinese history. Routledge. Ebrey, P.B. and Walthall, A., 2013. East Asia: a cultural, social, and political history. Cengage Learning. Embree, A.T. and Gluck, C., 2015. Asia in western and world history: a guide for teaching. Routledge. Helgesen, G., 2014. Democracy and authority in Korea: the cultural dimension in Korean politics. Routledge. Hsiao, K.C., 2015. History of Chinese Political Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century, AD (Vol. 1). Princeton University Press. Injae, L., Miller, O., Jinhoon, P. and Hyun-Hae, Y., 2014. Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. Palais, J.B., 2015. Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty. University of Washington Press.